Prevalência e tendência temporal da prematuridade no Brasil antes e durante a pandemia de covid-19: análise da série histórica 2011-2021 / Prevalencia y tendencia temporal de la prematuridad en Brasil antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19: análisis de la serie histórica de 2011 a 2021 / Prevalence and temporal trend of prematurity in Brazil before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a historical time series analysis, 2011-2021

Objetivo: mensurar a prevalência de prematuridade segundo macrorregião brasileira e características maternas, nos últimos 11 anos; comparar as proporções durante a pandemia de covid-19 (2020-2021) com as da série histórica (2011-2019). Métodos: estudo ecológico, com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos; prevalências calculadas segundo ano, macrorregião e características maternas; análise da série temporal pelo modelo de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: a prevalência de prematuridade em 2011-2021 foi de 11,1%, estável; a média no período pandêmico 11,3% (IC95% 11,2;11,4%) assemelhou-se à do período-base 11,0% (IC95% 10,6;11,5%); a região Norte (11,6%) apresentou a maior proporção entre 2011 e 2021; gestação gemelar (56,3%) e gestantes com 4-6 consultas de pré-natal (16,7%) apresentaram tendência crescente (p-valor < 0,001); observou-se maior prevalência para extremos de idade materna, gestantes de raça/cor da pele preta, indígenas e menor escolaridade. Conclusão: maior prematuridade nas gestantes socialmente vulneráveis, em gestações gemelares e no Norte; prevalência estável, sem diferença entre períodos.

Objetivo: medir la prevalência de prematuridad de 2011 a 2021, según macrorregión brasileña y características maternas, comparando los años de pandemia de COVID-19, con 2011-2019. Métodos: estudio ecológico basado en el Sistema de Información de Nacimientos Vivos. Prevalencias calculadas según año, macrorregión y características maternas. Análisis de series temporales por el modelo generalizado de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: la prematuridad entre 2011-2021 fue 11,1%, con estabilidade; la media de en el periodo de la pandemia 11,3% (IC95% 11,2;11,4) se asemejó a la media de referencia 11,0% (IC95% 10,6;11,5). Región del norte tuvo la proporción más alta entre 2011 y 2021. Embarazo gemelar y mujeres con 4-6 visitas prenatales tuvieron tendencia al aumento. Prevalencias más elevadas correspondían a la edad materna extrema, mujeres embarazadas negras e indígenas y niveles de educación más bajos. Conclusión: mayor prematuridad en situación de vulnerabilidad social, embarazos gemelares y de la Región Norte. Proporciones se mantuvieron estables, sin diferencias entre períodos.

Objective: to measure the prevalence of prematurity according to the Brazilian macro-regions and maternal characteristics over the past 11 years; to compare the proportions during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) with those of the historical series (2011-2019). Methods: this was an ecological study, with data from the Live Birth Information System; the prevalence was calculated according to year, macro-region and maternal characteristics; time series analysis was performed using Prais-Winsten regression model. Results: the prevalence of preterm birth in 2011-2021 was 11.1%, stable; the average in the pandemic period 11.3% (95%CI 11.2;11.4%) was similar to that of the base period 11.0% (95%CI 10.6;11.5%); the North region (11.6%) showed the highest proportion between 2011 and 2021; twin pregnancy (56.3%) and pregnant women who had 4-6 prenatal care visits (16.7%) showed an increasing trend (p-value < 0.001); the highest prevalence was observed for extremes of maternal age, pregnant women of Black race/skin color, indigenous women and those with lower level of education. Conclusion: preterm birth rates were highest for socially vulnerable pregnant women, twin pregnancies and in the North; stable prevalence, with no difference between periods.

Analysis of incidence and associated factors of preterm birth based on pre-pregnancy body mass index stratification / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the incidence of preterm birth based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) stratification and explore the associated factors of preterm birth among pregnant women at different BMI stratifications. Methods: From February 2018 to December 2020, pregnant women who participated in China Birth Cohort Study (CBCS) and gave birth at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital were enrolled as the study subjects. Electronic Data Capture System and standard structured questionnaires were used to collect data related to pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, and delivery for pregnant women. Pregnant women were divided into the low-weight group, normal-weight group and overweight group based on their pre-pregnancy BMI. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the associated factors of preterm birth among pregnant women with different BMI before pregnancy. Results: A total of 27 195 singleton pregnant women were included, with a preterm birth rate of 5.08% (1 381/27 195). The preterm birth rates in the low-weight group, normal-weight group and overweight group were 4.29% (138/3 219), 4.63% (852/18 390) and 7.00% (391/5 586) respectively (P<0.001). After adjusting for relevant factors, the Cox proportional hazards model showed that the risk of preterm birth in the overweight group was 1.457 times higher than that in the normal-weight group (95%CI: 1.292-1.643). Preeclampsia-eclampsia (HR=2.701, 95%CI: 1.318-5.537) was the associated factor for preterm birth in the low-weight group. Advanced maternal age (HR=1.232, 95%CI: 1.054-1.441), history of preterm birth (HR=4.647, 95%CI: 3.314-6.515), vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy (HR=1.613, 95%CI: 1.380-1.884), and preeclampsia-eclampsia (HR=3.553, 95%CI: 2.866-4.404) were associated factors for preterm birth in the normal-weight group. Advanced maternal age (HR=1.473, 95%CI: 1.193-1.818), history of preterm birth (HR=3.209, 95%CI: 1.960-5.253), vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy (HR=1.636, 95%CI: 1.301-2.058), preeclampsia-eclampsia (HR=2.873, 95%CI:2.265-3.643), and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (HR=1.867, 95%CI: 1.283-2.717) were associated factors for preterm birth in the overweight group. Conclusion: Pre-pregnancy overweight is an associated factor for preterm birth, and there are significant differences in the associated factors of preterm birth among pregnant women with different BMI before pregnancy.

Predictive factors for premature birth and respiratory exacerbation in pregnancies of women with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Objective: In this present study, the authors evaluated the predictive factors for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes in pregnancies of women with cystic fibrosis (CF). Patients were followed up by a referral center for adults in southern Brazil. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that used data from electronic medical records regarding pregnancies of women diagnosed with CF. Results: The study included 39 pregnancies related to 20 different women. The main adverse outcomes were high prevalence rates of premature birth (38.5%) and maternal respiratory exacerbation (84.6%). Lower body mass index (BMI) values (< 20.8) and younger ages of CF diagnosis increased the risk of premature birth. The presence of methicillin-resistant and absence of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a younger age of diagnosis, increased the risk of maternal respiratory exacerbation during pregnancy. Conclusions: Conception in women with CF is often associated with maternal and fetal complications. Continuous monitoring by a multidisciplinary team should emphasize appropriate nutritional status, investigation of bacterial colonization, and immediate attention to respiratory exacerbations.

Burden of disease and risk factors among children under 5 years in China from 1990 to 2019: a perspective of international comparison / 中华预防医学杂志

Based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, the standardized mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of children under 5 years old were selected as evaluation indicators to compare and analyze the current situation and differences of disease burden of children under 5 years old between China and other regions from 1990 to 2019. The change trend and difference of disease burden of children under 5 years old in China were analyzed by sexes. From 1990 to 2019, the all-cause standardized mortality rate of children under 5 years old in China decreased from 1 153.81/100 000 to 160.39/100 000, and the all-cause standardized DALY rate decreased from 104 426.40/100 000 to 16 479.01/100 000. In 2019, neonatal preterm birth, congenital heart anomalies and lower respiratory infections ranked the top three disease burden of children under 5 years old in China. Except that the disease burden of neonatal preterm birth was lower than that in North America, they were much higher than that in Western Europe and North America in the same period. The burden of unintentional injury diseases, including pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway and drowning, was higher than that in Western Europe and North America. The standardized mortality and DALY rate of the top ten diseases and injuries in boys and girls under 5 years old in China showed a downward trend (P<0.05), and most of them were higher in boys than girls (P<0.05). From 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of children under 5 years old in China decreased significantly. However, compared other regions, it is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of neonatal premature birth, birth defects and unintentional injuries, and take different sex-specific interventions to improve the overall health of children.

Recurrent preterm birth: data from the study "Birth in Brazil" / Prematuridade recorrente: dados do estudo "Nascer no Brasil"

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe and estimate the rate of recurrent preterm birth in Brazil according to the type of delivery, weighted by associated factors. METHODS We obtained data from the national hospital-based study "Birth in Brazil", conducted in 2011 and 2012, from interviews with 23,894 women. Initially, we used the chi-square test to verify the differences between newborns according to previous prematurity and type of recurrent prematurity. Sequentially, we applied the propensity score method to balance the groups according to the following covariates: maternal age, socio-economic status, smoking during pregnancy, parity, previous cesarean section, previous stillbirth or neonatal death, chronic hypertension and chronic diabetes. Finally, we performed multiple logistic regression to estimate the recorrence. RESULTS We analyzed 6,701 newborns. The rate of recurrence was 42.0%, considering all women with previous prematurity. Among the recurrent premature births, 62.2% were spontaneous and 37.8% were provider-initiated. After weighting by propensity score, we found that women with prematurity have 3.89 times the chance of having spontaneous recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.89; 95%CI 3.01-5.03) and 3.47 times the chance of having provider-initiated recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.47; 95%CI 2.59-4.66), compared to women who had full-term newborns. CONCLUSIONS Previous prematurity showed to be a strong predictor for its recurrence. Thus, expanding and improving the monitoring and management of pregnant women who had occurrence of prematurity strongly influence the reduction of rates and, consequently, the reduction of infant morbidity and mortality risks in the country.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever e estimar a taxa de prematuridade recorrente no Brasil segundo o tipo de parto, ponderado pelos fatores associados. MÉTODOS Os dados foram obtidos do estudo nacional de base hospitalar "Nascer no Brasil", realizado em 2011 e 2012, a partir de entrevistas com 23.894 mulheres. Inicialmente foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado para verificar as diferenças entre os recém-nascidos, segundo a prematuridade prévia e o tipo de prematuridade recorrente. Sequencialmente, aplicou-se o método de ponderação pelo escore de propensão para equilibrar os grupos de acordo com as seguintes covariáveis: idade materna, classificação socioeconômica, tabagismo durante a gravidez, paridade, cesárea anterior, natimorto ou óbito neonatal anterior, hipertensão crônica e diabetes crônica. Por último, foi realizada regressão logística múltipla para estimar a prematuridade recorrente. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 6.701 recém-nascidos. A taxa de prematuridade recorrente foi de 42,0%, considerando todas as mulheres com prematuridade prévia. Dentre os prematuros recorrentes, 62,2% foram espontâneos e 37,8% ocorreram por intervenção-obstétrica. Após a ponderação pelo escore de propensão, verificou-se que mulheres com prematuridade prévia têm 3,89 vezes a chance de terem prematuridade recorrente espontânea (ORaj = 3,89; IC95% 3,01-5,03) e 3,47 vezes a chance de terem prematuridade recorrente por intervenção obstétrica (ORaj = 3,47; IC95% 2,59-4,66), em comparação às mulheres que tiveram recém-nascidos termo completo. CONCLUSÕES A prematuridade prévia revelou-se um forte preditor para sua recorrência. Assim, ampliar e melhorar o monitoramento e manejo de gestantes com história de prematuridade impacta fortemente na redução das taxas e, consequentemente, na redução dos riscos de morbimortalidade infantil no país.

Perinatal Outcomes and Factors Associated with Ethnic Group in cases of Preterm Birth: the Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth in Brazil / Resultados perinatais e fatores associados à etnia em casos de parto pré-termo: Estudo multicêntrico de investigação de prematuridade no Brasil

Abstract Objective To investigate the characteristics of women who had preterm birth (PTB) and related outcomes according to ethnicity. Methods A secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil. Women who had PTB were classified by self-report as white and non-white. Clinical, pregnancy, and maternal data were collected through postpartum interviews and reviews of medical charts. The sociodemographic, obstetric and clinical characteristics of the women, as well as the mode of delivery and the neonatal outcomes among different ethnic groups were compared through a bivariate analysis. Results Of the 4,150 women who had PTB, 2,317 (55.8%) were non-white, who were more likely: to be younger than 19 years of age (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.01-1.09); to be without a partner; to live on low income; to have lower levels of schooling; to have ≥ 2 children; to perform strenuous work; to be fromthe Northeastern region of Brazil rather than the from Southern region; to have a history of ≥ 3 deliveries; to have an interpregnancy interval<12 months; to have pregnancy complications such as abortion, PTB, preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), and low birth weight; to initiate antenatal care (ANC) visits in the second or third trimesters; to have have an inadequate number of ANC visits; to be under continuous overexertion; to smoke in the first and second or third trimesters; and to have anemia and gestational hypertension. The maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between the groups, except for the higher rate of low birth weight (73.7% versus 69.0%) in infants born to non-white women, and the higher rate of seizures (4.05% versus 6.29%) in infants born to white women. Conclusion Unfavorable conditions weremore common in non-whites than inwhites. Proper policies are required to decrease inequalities, especially in the context of prematurity, when women and their neonates have specific needs.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar as características das mulheres com parto pré-termo e os respectivos resultados de acordo com a etnia. Métodos Uma análise secundária de umestudo de corte transversalmulticêntrico no Brasil. Mulheres com parto pré-termo foram classificadas por autodefinição como brancas ou não brancas. Dados maternos, clínicos, e da gestação foram coletados por entrevista pós-parto e revisão de prontuários. As características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e clínicas das mulheres, o tipo de parto, e os resultados neonatais dos grupos étnicos foram comparados por análise bivariada. Resultados Das 4.150 mulheres que tiveram parto pré-termo, 2.317 (55,8%) eram não brancas, que com mais frequência: eram menores de 19 anos de idade (razão de prevalência [RP]: 1,05; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,01-1,09); não tinham parceiro; eramde baixa renda; tinham baixa escolaridade; tinham ≥ 2 filhos; realizavam trabalho extenuante; provinhammais do Nordeste do que do Sul; tinham histórico de ≥ 3 partos; tinham intervalo interpartal<12 meses; e tiveram complicações gestacionais como aborto, parto pré-termo, rotura prematura de membranas pré-termo (RPM-PT) e baixo peso ao nascimento; iniciaram as consultas de pré-natal no segundo ou terceiro trimestres; comparecerama um número inadequado de consultas; viviam sob contínua exaustão; fumaram no primeiro e segundo ou terceiro trimestres; e tiveram anemia e hipertensão gestacional. Os resultados maternos e neonatais não diferiram entre os grupos, exceto pelamaior taxa de baixo peso ao nascimento (73,7% versus 69,0%) entre as crianças das mulheres não brancas, e e a maior taxa de convulsões (4,05% versus 6,29%) entre as das brancas. Conclusão Condições desfavoráveis foram mais comuns entre não brancas do que entre brancas. Políticas apropriadas são necessárias para diminuir as diferenças, especialmente no contexto da prematuridade, quando mulheres e seus neonatos têm necessidades específicas.

Association of genitourinary infections and cervical length with preterm childbirth

A prospective cohort study was conducted on a convenience sample of 1370 pregnant women with a gestational age of 20 to 25 weeks in the city of Ribeirão Preto. Data on obstetrical history, maternal age, parity, smoking habit, and a history of preterm delivery was collected with the application of a sociodemographic questionnaire. Cervical length was determined by endovaginal ultrasound, and urine and vaginal content samples were obtained to determine urinary tract infection (UTI) and bacterial vaginosis (BV), respectively. The aim of this study was to verify the association of cervical length and genitourinary infections with preterm birth (PTB). Ultrasound showed no association of UTI or BV with short cervical length. PTB rate was 9.63%. Among the women with PTB, 15 showed UTI (RR: 1.55, 95%CI: 0.93-2.58), 19 had BV (RR: 1.22, 95%CI: 0.77-1.94), and one had both UTI and BV (RR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.13-5.62). Nineteen (14.4%) PTB occurred in women with a cervical length ≤2.5 cm (RR: 2.89, 95%CI: 1.89-4.43). Among the 75 patients with PTB stratified as spontaneous, 10 showed UTI (RR: 2.02, 95%CI: 1.05-3.86) and 14 had a diagnosis of BV (RR: 1.72, 95%CI: 0.97-3.04). A short cervical length between 20 and 25 weeks of pregnancy was associated with PTB, whereas UTI and BV determined at this age were not associated with short cervical length or with PTB, although UTI, even if asymptomatic, was related to spontaneous PTB.

Patent ductus arteriosus closure: experience from a tertiary referral center / Experiência de uma maternidade terciária no fechamento do canal arterial patente

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the number and methods of closure of Persistent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) over a span of 16 years in a third level maternity hospital. Methods: Retrospective study of neonates born between January 2003 and Deccember 2018, who underwent ductus arteriosus closure by pharmacological, surgical and/or transcatheter methods. Gestational age, birth weight, number and methods of closures per year were evaluated. The success rate of the pharmacologic method was calculated, as well as the mortality rate. The association between mortality and birthweight, treatment used and treatment failure was explored. Results: There were 47,198 births, 5,156 were preterm, 325 presented PDA and 106 were eligible for closure (median gestational age - 27 weeks, birthweight <1000 g - 61%). Frequency of PDA closure decreased during the study period, especially starting in 2010. Success rate with pharmacologic treatment was 62% after the first cycle and 74% after the second. After drug failure, 12 underwent surgical ligation and two underwent transcatheter closure. Exclusive surgical ligation was indicated in four infants. Ibuprofen replaced indomethacin in 2010, and acetaminophen was used in three infants. Among the 106 infants, hospital mortality was 12% and it was associated with birthweight <1000 g (13/65 <1000 vs. 0/41 >1000 g; p=0.002) and with failure in the first pharmacologic treatment cycle (13/27 with failure, vs. 0/75 without failure; p<0.001). Conclusions: The national consensus published in 2010 for the diagnosis and treatment of PDA in preterm infants led to a decrease in the indication for closure. Pharmacological closure was the method of choice, followed by surgical ligation. Birthweight <1000 g and first cycle of pharmacologic treatment failure were associated with higher mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caraterizar o número e métodos de fechamento de canal arterial durante 16 anos numa maternidade de nível terciário. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de nascidos entre 01 de janeiro de 2003 a 31 de dezembro de 2018 submetidos a fechamento do canal arterial por métodos farmacológico, cirúrgico e/ou percutâneo. Avaliaram-se idade gestacional, sexo, peso ao nascimento, número de fechamentos por ano e método utilizado. Aferiram-se as taxas de sucesso de método farmacológico e de mortalidade e sua associação com peso ao nascer, fármaco utilizado e insucesso do fechamento. Resultados: Verificaram-se 47.198 recém-nascidos, 5.156 prematuros, dos quais 325 com canal arterial patente, sendo 106 com indicação para fechamento (idade gestacional mediana 27 semanas, peso <1000 g em 61%). Verificou-se diminuição do número de fechamentos ao longo dos anos, sobretudo a partir de 2010. O fechamento ocorreu em 62% após primeiro ciclo de tratamento farmacológico e em 74% após segundo. Após insucesso farmacológico, 12 realizaram ligadura cirúrgica e dois, fechamento percutâneo. Houve indicação de ligadura cirúrgica exclusiva em quatro. O ibuprofeno substituiu a indometacina em 2010. O acetaminofen foi usado em três doentes. A mortalidade nos 106 pacientes foi de 12%, associando-se ao peso ao nascer (13/65 <1000 vs. 0/41 >1000 g; p=0,002) e à falha do primeiro ciclo de tratamento farmacológico (13/27 com falha vs. 0/75 com sucesso; p<0,001). Conclusões: Consenso nacional de 2010 para diagnóstico e tratamento do canal arterial nos prematuros levou à diminuição do número de fechamentos desse canal. O fechamento farmacológico foi o método mais utilizado, seguido da ligadura cirúrgica. Peso <1000 g e falha no primeiro ciclo de fechamento farmacológico se associaram à maior mortalidade.

Thyroid function of first-trimester twin pregnant women and its association with preterm delivery / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To describe the thyroid function abnormality of first-trimester twin pregnant women according to different references, and to explore its association with preterm delivery.@*METHODS@#Participants, first-trimester twin pregnant women, were recruited at Peking University Third Hospital from March 2017 to February 2020. The thyroid hormone reference for ordinary adults identified on the assay kits by Siemens incorporation, thyroid hormone reference specifically for singleton pregnancy established previously, and thyroid hormone reference specifically for twin pregnancy established previously were used in the description of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism for first-trimester twin pregnant women. Thyroid autoantibody reference identified on the assay kits by Siemens incorporation was used in the description of positive thyroid autoantibody. Multivariable log-binomial regression was conducted to examine the association between thyroid function and preterm delivery, in which normal pregnant women according to the three references and normal pregnant women according to twin pregnancy reference accompanied with negative thyroid autoantibody were taken as control respectively.@*RESULTS@#A total of 570 twin pregnant women were finally included. Rates of hypothyroidism according to the three references were 1.2%, 1.6% and 3.5%, respectively. Rates of hyperthyroidism according to the three references were 32.6%, 18.1% and 1.1%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, risk of preterm delivery significantly increased in pregnant women with hyperthyroidism according to the twin specific pregnancy reference [adjusted relative risk (ARR)=1.41, 95%CI: 1.14-1.75], while no significant increase was found in those with normal thyroid function according to the twin specific pregnancy reference but hyperthyroidism according to the singleton specific pregnancy reference (ARR=1.00, 95%CI: 0.81-1.25) and in those with hyperthyroidism purely according to the ordinary adult reference (ARR=1.06, 95%CI: 0.85-1.32), compared with those normal according to all the references. Risks of preterm delivery almost significantly or significantly increased in pregnant women with hypothyroidism according to the ordinary adult or singleton specific pregnancy reference (ARR=1.40, 95%CI: 0.88-2.22) and those with hypothyroidism according to the twin specific pregnancy reference (ARR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.03-2.28). Overall analysis of thyroid function according to the twin specific pregnancy reference and thyroid autoantibody showed that risks of preterm delivery almost significantly or significantly increased in pregnant women with simple hypothyroidism (ARR=1.46, 95%CI: 0.93-2.27), simple positive thyroid autoantibody (ARR=1.32, 95%CI: 1.15-1.52), and hypothyroidism accompanied with positive thyroid autoantibody (ARR=1.78, 95%CI: 1.30-2.44), compared with those normal according to the twin specific pregnancy reference with negative thyroid autoantibody.@*CONCLUSION@#The ordinary adult reference and that of singleton pregnancy may lead to under-diagnosis of hypothyroidism and over-diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in first-trimester twin pregnant women. Compared with pregnant women with normal thyroid function, those missed in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism were at a higher risk of preterm delivery, while those over-diagnosed as hyperthyroidism had a similar risk of preterm delivery, indicating a need to develop and generalize twin-pregnancy-specific reference on common indicators of thyroid function. Moreover, the thyroid autoantibody should be taken into consideration in the prenatal diagnosis and treatment to twin pregnant women with hypothyroidism.

Physical activity in gestational trimesters and perinatal outcomes in SUS puerperal women / Atividade física nos trimestres gestacionais e desfechos perinatais em puérperas do SUS

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Test the association between the practice of physical activity (PA) according to the gestational trimesters and the occurrence of cesarean delivery, prematurity, and low birth weight in puerperal women assisted in the Unified Health System of Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with a probabilistic sample of puerperal women who gave birth in public maternity hospitals in Santa Catarina from January to August 2019. The cesarean delivery outcome was self-reported, and information on premature birth (< 37 gestational weeks) and low birth weight (< 2,500 grams) were obtained from medical records. The practice of PA during pregnancy and according to each trimester was self-reported. Multivariate Logistic Regression analyses and interviews with 3,580 puerperal women were carried out. RESULTS PA practice during any period of pregnancy was reported by 20.6% of the sample, with a gradual reduction in prevalence according to the gestational trimester (16.2%, 15.4%, and 12.8%). The highest prevalences of outcomes concerning the total sample were observed in puerperal women who did not practice PA in the third trimester, with 43.9% for cesarean delivery, 7.7% for low birth weight, and 5.5% for premature birth. The odds of cesarean delivery (OR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.10-1.76) and low birth weight (OR = 1.99; 95%CI 1.04-3.79) were, respectively, 40% and 99% higher among puerperal women who did not practice PA in the third trimester of pregnancy when compared to those who practiced PA. There was no association between PA practice and prematurity. CONCLUSION Puerperal women who did not practice PA in the third trimester of pregnancy were more likely to have cesarean delivery and low birth weight newborns.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Testar a associação entre a prática de atividade física (AF) de acordo com os trimestres gestacionais e a ocorrência de parto cesáreo, prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer em puérperas atendidas no Sistema Único de Saúde de Santa Catarina, Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal realizado com amostra probabilística de puérperas que tiveram seus partos em maternidades da rede pública de Santa Catarina no período de janeiro a agosto de 2019. O desfecho parto cesáreo foi autorreferido e as informações sobre parto prematuro (< 37 semanas gestacionais) e baixo peso ao nascer (< 2.500 gramas) foram obtidas dos prontuários. A prática de AF durante a gestação e conforme cada trimestre foi autorreferida. Foram realizadas análises de Regressão Logística Multivariável e entrevistas com 3.580 puérperas. RESULTADOS A prática de AF durante qualquer período da gestação foi relatada por 20,6% da amostra, com redução gradativa das prevalências conforme os trimestres gestacionais (16,2%, 15,4% e 12,8%). As maiores prevalências dos desfechos em relação à amostra total, foram observadas nas puérperas não praticantes de AF no terceiro trimestre, sendo 43,9% para o parto cesáreo, 7,7% para o baixo peso ao nascer e 5,5% para o parto prematuro. As chances de parto cesáreo (OR = 1,40; IC95% 1,10-1,76) e de baixo peso ao nascer (OR = 1,99; IC95% 1,04-3,79) foram, respectivamente, 40% e 99% maiores entre as puérperas que não praticaram AF no terceiro trimestre da gestação quando comparadas àquelas que praticaram AF. Não houve associação da prática de AF com a prematuridade. CONCLUSÃO As puérperas que não praticavam AF no terceiro trimestre da gestação tiveram maiores chances de parto cesáreo e de terem recém-nascidos com baixo peso.

Atenção à saúde no primeiro ano de vida de uma coorte prospectiva de lactentes prematuros tardios e a termo de Botucatu, São Paulo, 2015-2017 / Atención a la salud en el primer año de vida de una cohorte prospectiva de bebés prematuros tardíos y a término, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil, 2015-2017 / Health care in the first year of life of a prospective cohort of late-preterm and full-term infants, in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil, 2015-2017

Objetivo: Avaliar associação entre prematuridade tardia e utilização de serviços de referência no primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, com dados coletados no 1º, 3º, 6º, 9º e 12º meses dos lactentes. Características maternas e de nascimento foram comparadas entre nascidos a termo e prematuros tardios. Avaliou-se o efeito da prematuridade tardia sobre a utilização de ambulatório especializado e unidade de pronto-socorro/pronto atendimento, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e hospitalização, calculando-se razões de chances ajustadas. Resultados: Os 41 prematuros tardios e 540 nascidos a termo diferiram nas frequências de baixo peso ao nascer e não permanência em alojamento conjunto, maiores nos prematuros tardios, estes também com mais chance de internação em UTI neonatal (OR=6,85 - IC95% 2,56;18,34), condição que não se associou à utilização dos demais serviços de referência. Conclusão: Prematuridade tardia não se associou à maior utilização de serviços de referência após alta da maternidade.

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre nacidos prematuros tardíos y nacidos a término y la utilización de servicios de derivación. Métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo, con datos recolectados desde el primero hasta el duodécimo mes de vida de los lactantes. Se evaluaron características maternas y de nacimiento que fueron comparadas entre nacidos a término y prematuros tardíos. Fue evaluado el efecto de la prematuridad tardía sobre el uso de los servicios de derivación especializado y las unidades de Atención Temprana, internación en centro de terapia intensiva (CTI) y hospitalización calculando las razones de probabilidades ajustadas. Resultados: Los 41 nacidos prematuros tardíos y los 540 nacidos a término difirieron en la frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer y en no permanecer en alojamiento conjunto, mayor en los nacidos prematuros tardíos. Hubo más posibilidades de ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales en nacidos prematuros tardíos (OR=6,85 - IC95% 2,56;18,34), condición que no se asoció con el uso de otros servicios de referencia. Conclusión: La prematuridad tardía no se asoció a una mayor utilización de los servicios de derivación luego del alta de la maternidad.

Objective: To assess association between late-preterm birth and use of referral health services in the first year of life. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, with data collected from infants at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months old. Maternal and birth characteristics were compared between full-term and late preterm infants. The effect of late preterm birth on the use of specialized outpatient clinic, emergency room/emergency care center, hospitalizations and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions was evaluated by calculating adjusted odds ratios. Results: 41 late preterm and 540 full-term infants differed as to frequency of low birth weight and in not staying in joint accommodation, both of which were higher in late-preterm infants, who were also more likely to be admitted to the neonatal ICU (OR=6.85 - 95%CI 2.56;18.34). Late preterm birth was not associated with the use of other referral health services. Conclusion: late preterm birth was not associated with greater use of referral health services after discharge from maternity hospital.

SARS-CoV-2 and pregnancy: A review of the facts / SARS-CoV-2 e gestação: uma revisão dos fatos

Abstract Objective The present comprehensive review aims to show the full extent of what is known to date and provide a more thorough view on the effects of SARS-CoV2 in pregnancy. Methods Between March 29 and May, 2020, the words COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, COVID- 19 and pregnancy, SARS-CoV2 and pregnancy, and SARS and pregnancy were searched in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases; the guidelines from well-known societies and institutions (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists [RCOG], American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology [ISUOG], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]) were also included. Conclusion The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in a pandemic with > 3.3 million cases and 230 thousand deaths until May 2nd. It is caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus and may lead to severe pulmonary infection and multi-organ failure. Past experiences show that unique characteristics in pregnancy make pregnant women more susceptible to complications from viral infections. Yet, this has not been reported with this new virus. There are risk factors that seem to increase morbidity in pregnancy, such as obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 35), asthma and cardiovascular disease. Current reports describe an increased rate of pretermbirth and C-section. Vertical transmission

Resumo Objetivo A presente revisão detalhada busca fornecer dados objetivos para avaliar o que se sabe até o momento e possibilitar uma visãomais ampla dos efeitos do SARSCoV2 na gravidez. Métodos Entre 29 demarço e 2 de maio de 2020, foi realizada uma busca nos bancos de dados PubMed e Google Scholar com as palavras COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, COVID-19 e gravidez, SARS-CoV2 e gravidez, e SARS e gravidez. As recomendações dos principais órgãos sobre o tema também foram acessadas. Conclusão O surto de COVID-19 resultou em uma pandemia com> 3.3 milhões de casos e 230 mil mortes até 2 de maio. É uma condição causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV2 e pode levar ao acometimento pulmonar difuso e à falência de múltiplos órgãos. Características únicas da gestante tornam essa população mais propensas a complicações de infecções virais. Até o momento, essa tendência não foi observada para esse novo vírus. Os fatores que parecem estar associados à maior morbidade materno-fetal são obesidade (índice demassa corporal [IMC] > 35), asma e doença cardiovascular. Há descrição de aumento de parto prematuro e parto cesáreo. Não se pode descartar a possibilidade de transmissão vertical da doença, devido a relatos de positividade de reação em cadeia de polimerase (RT-PCR) de swab nasal, RT-PCR de líquido amniótico e imunoglobulina M (IgM) de recém-nascidos. Tratamentos devem ser analisados caso a caso, dada a falta de qualidade de estudos que comprovem a sua eficácia e segurança na gravidez. O corpo clínico deve utilizar equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) ao manusear pacientes suspeitos ou confirmados e ficar atento aos sinais de descompensação respiratória.

Maternal and fetal risk factors associated with late preterm infants / Fatores de risco materno-fetais associados à prematuridade tardia

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine maternal and fetal risk factors associated with the birth of late preterm infants in comparison to those born at term. Methods: A case-control study was carried out in a tertiary center for high-risk pregnancies. For the cases, the study enrolled post-partum mothers and their respective newborns with gestational ages equal or greater than 34 weeks and less than 37 weeks. As controls, the post-partum mothers and their newborns with gestational ages of 37 weeks or greater were selected. The sample was calculated with a ratio of two controls for each case, resulting in 423 patients. Association studies were performed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The variables associated with late prematurity were inadequate prenatal (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.23; confidence interval of 95% [95%CI] 1.12-1.34; p≤0.001), premature rupture of membranes (OR 4.98; 95%CI 2.66-9.31; p≤0.001), length of hospital stay ≥24 hours until birth (OR 0.18; 95%CI 0.06-0.52; p≤0.001), cesarean section (OR 2.74; 95%CI 1.69-4.44; p≤0.001) and small for gestational age newborn (OR 3.02; 95%CI 1.80-5.05; p≤0.001). Conclusions: Inadequate prenatal care and membranes' premature rupture were found as factors associated with the late preterm birth. It is important to identify the factors that allow intervention with adequate prenatal care in order to reduce poor outcomes due to late prematurity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar fatores maternos e fetais associados ao nascimento de recém-nascidos prematuros tardios, quando comparados aos nascidos a termo. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle em um hospital terciário de referência para atendimento de gestações de alto risco. Foram considerados casos as puérperas e seus respectivos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional maior ou igual a 34 semanas e menor de 37 semanas. Para os controles foram selecionadas as puérperas e seus recém-nascidos com idade gestacional de 37 semanas completas ou mais. A amostra foi calculada com razão de dois controles para cada caso, resultando em um total de 423 pacientes. Estudos de associação foram efetuados utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher e posterior regressão logística. Resultados: As variáveis associadas à prematuridade tardia foram a realização de pré-natal inadequado (Odds Ratio - OR 1,23; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,12-1,34; p≤0,001), a rotura prematura de membranas amnióticas (OR 4,98; IC95% 2,66-9,31; p≤0,001), o tempo de internação ≥24 horas até o nascimento (OR 0,18; IC95% 0,06-0,52; p≤0,001), o parto operatório (OR 2,74; IC95% 1,69-4,44; p≤0,001) e o recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional (OR 3,02; IC95% 1,80-5,05; p≤0,001). Conclusões: Assistência pré-natal inadequada e rotura prematura de membranas destacaram-se como fatores associados ao nascimento de prematuros tardios. Ressalta-se a relevância da identificação de fatores passíveis de intervenção por meio de adequada assistência pré-natal, a fim de reduzir os desfechos desfavoráveis decorrentes da prematuridade tardia.

The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP)

OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests that infection or inflammation is a major contributor to early spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development and causes of maternal infection associated with maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with sPTB. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study with a nested case-control component, the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP), conducted from April 2011 to July 2012 in 20 Brazilian referral obstetric hospitals. Women with preterm birth (PTB) and their neonates were enrolled. In this analysis, 2,682 women undergoing spontaneous preterm labor and premature pre-labor rupture of membranes were included. Two groups were identified based on self-reports or prenatal or hospital records: women with at least one infection factor and women without any maternal infection (vulvovaginitis, urinary tract infection, or dental infection). A bivariate analysis was performed to identify potential individual risk factors for PTB. The odds ratios (ORs) with their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The majority of women with sPTB fulfilled at least one criterion for the identification of maternal infection (65.9%), and more than half reported having urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Approximately 9.6% of women with PTB and maternal infection were classified as having periodontal infection only. Apart from the presence of a partner, which was more common among women with infectious diseases (p=0.026; OR, 1.28 [1.03-1.59]), other variables did not show any significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Maternal infection was highly prevalent in all cases of sPTBs, although it was not clearly associated with the type of PTB, gestational age, or any adverse neonatal outcomes.

Enfermedad periodontal como factor de riesgo adicional asociado con nacimiento pretérmino en México: un estudio de casos y controles / Periodontal disease as an additional risk factor associated with preterm birth in Mexico: a case-control study

Resumen Introducción: Las sustancias relacionadas con los microorganismos involucrados en la enfermedad periodontal puedan llegar a la interfaz materno-fetal por vía hematógena y estimular la contractilidad uterina. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre enfermedad periodontal con nacimiento pretérmino. Método: Estudio de casos y controles de 343 embarazadas pretérmino y 686 de término. Se calculó la edad gestacional por fecha de último periodo menstrual y se confirmó con los métodos de Capurro y Ballard. La enfermedad periodontal se diagnosticó por la profundidad del espacio entre la raíz dental y la encía. La asociación fue medida con regresión logística. Resultados: La edad de las madres en los casos fue de 23.8 ± 6.7 años y en los controles de 23.2 ± 6.7 años. La enfermedad periodontal estuvo presente en 66.8 % de los casos y 40.5 % de los controles. Los factores asociados con nacimiento pretérmino fueron enfermedad periodontal (RM = 2.26), antecedente de nacimiento pretérmino (RM = 4.96), embarazo no planeado (RM = 2.15), control prenatal deficiente (RM = 2.53), infección de vías urinarias (RM = 2.22), preeclampsia (RM = 4.49), ruptura prematura de membranas amnióticas (RM = 2.59) y nacer por cesárea (RM = 9.15). Conclusión: La enfermedad periodontal en el embarazo constituyó un factor de riesgo independiente para nacimiento pretérmino.

Abstract Introduction: Substances related to microorganisms involved in periodontal disease can reach the maternal-fetal interface via the hematogenous route and stimulate uterine contractility. Objective: To determine the association between periodontal disease and preterm birth. Method: Case-control study in 343 preterm and 686 full-term pregnant women. Gestational age was calculated based on the date of the last menstrual period and confirmed with Capurro and Ballard methods. Periodontal disease was diagnosed according to the depth of the space between the tooth root and the gum. The association was measured with logistic regression. Results: Maternal age of the cases was 23.8 ± 6.7 years, and 23.2 ± 6.7 in the controls. Periodontal disease was present in 66.8% of cases and 40.5% of controls. The factors associated with preterm birth were periodontal disease (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.26), history of preterm birth (OR = 4.96), unplanned pregnancy (OR = 2.15) poor prenatal control (OR = 2.53), urinary tract infection (OR = 2.22), preeclampsia (OR = 4.49), premature rupture of membranes (OR = 2.59) and caesarean section delivery (OR = 9.15). Conclusion: Periodontal disease in pregnancy was an independent risk factor for preterm birth.

Acurácia da determinação da idade gestacional no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC): um estudo de base populacional / Accuracy of gestational age assessment in Brazilian Information System on Live Birth (SINASC): a population study / Precisión en la determinación de la edad gestacional en el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC): un estudio de base poblacional

Resumo: A prevalência de nascimento pré-termo tem apresentado uma tendência crescente em vários países, inclusive naqueles desenvolvidos. Estudos no Brasil relatam que o Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), até 2010, subestimava a prevalência de nascimentos pré-termo, quando comparada aos estudos baseados em dados primários. A partir de 2011, a idade gestacional ao nascer no SINASC tem sido calculada, quando disponível, pela data da última menstruação (DUM). O objetivo foi avaliar a acurácia da determinação da idade gestacional gerada pela DUM, comparando com a de outros estimadores, e correlacioná-la com o peso ao nascer. Estudo de base populacional com dados do SINASC disponíveis no Departamento de Informática do SUS entre 2011 e 2015. As definições de prematuridade, baixo peso e asfixia ao nascer foram aquelas determinadas na literatura. A adequação do peso ao nascer com a idade gestacional foi calculada baseando-se nas curvas de Fenton e Intergrowth-21. Compararam-se as médias de peso pela presença ou não de prematuridade. A estimação da idade gestacional foi realizada pela DUM em 58,5%, e 41,5% utilizaram outro método. Encontrou-se que a proporção de prematuridade foi de 12% no grupo DUM e 8,4% no grupo outro método, já o baixo peso ao nascer foi de 6,5% e 8,4%, respectivamente. A média de peso dos prematuros no grupo DUM foi maior. O uso da DUM como estimador da idade gestacional superestimou a proporção de peso maior ou igual a 2.500g nos prematuros, o que não parece compatível com a distribuição esperada para esta faixa. A DUM favoreceu a "correção" da prematuridade para os parâmetros comparáveis aos de estudos com dados primários, embora as distorções encontradas entre idade gestacional e peso ao nascer possam indicar que ainda existem problemas com este estimador.

Abstract: The prevalence of preterm births has shown a growing trend in many countries, including developed ones. Studies in Brazil have shown that the Information System on Live Births (SINASC, in Portuguese), until 2010, underestimated the prevalence of preterm births, when compared with studies based on primary data. Starting in 2011, gestational age at birth has been calculated in SINASC according to the last menstrual period (LMP), when available. This study sought to evaluate the accuracy of the gestational age assessment using LMP, compared with two other estimates, and correlate it with birth weight. This is a population study with data from SINASC available from Brazilian Health Informatics Department between 2011 and 2015. Definitions of preterm birth, low birth weight and birth asphyxia were taken from the literature. Adequacy of birth weigh to gestational age was calculated based on Fenton and Intergrowth-21 curves. We compared weight means according to the presence or lack of preterm birth. gestational age assessment was based on LMP in 58.5% and 41.5% used another method. We found that the preterm proportion was 12% in the LMP group and 8.4% in the other method group, while low birth weight was 6.5% and 8.4%, respectively. Mean weight of preterm infants was higher in the LMP group. Use of LMP as a gestational age estimator overestimated the proportion of weight equal to or higher than 2,500g among preterm infants, which does not seem compatible with the expected distribution for this group. LMP favored "correction" of prematurity for the parameters that are comparable to those of primary data studies, though the distortions we found between gestational age and birth weigh may indicate that there are still problems with this estimator.

Resumen: La prevalencia de nacimiento pretérmino está presentando una tendencia creciente en varios países, incluso en los desarrollados. Estudios en Brasil reflejan que el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC), hasta 2010, subestimaba la prevalencia de nacimientos pretérmino, cuando se compara con los estudios basados en datos primarios. A partir de 2011, la edad gestacional al nacer ha sido calculada en el SINASC, cuando se encontraba disponible, mediante la fecha de la última menstruación (DUM). El objetivo fue evaluar la precisión en la determinación de la edad gestacional generada por los DUM, comparándola con la de otros estimadores, y correlacionándola con el peso al nacer. Se trata de un estudio de base poblacional con datos del SINASC, disponibles en el Departamiento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud entre 2011 y 2015. Las definiciones de prematuridad, bajo peso y asfixia al nacer fueron aquellas determinadas en la literatura. La adecuación del peso al nacer con la edad gestacional se calculó basándose en las curvas de Fenton e Intergrowth-21. Se compararon las medias de peso por la presencia o no de prematuridad. La estimación de la edade gestacional se realizó mediante DUM en un 58,5%, y un 41,5% utilizaron otro método. Se descubrió que la proporción de prematuridad fue de un 12% en el grupo DUM y un 8,4% en el grupo otro método, ya que el bajo peso al nacer fue un 6,5% y 8,4%, respectivamente. La media de peso de los prematuros en el grupo DUM fue mayor. El uso de la DUM, como estimador de la edad gestacional, sobreestimó la proporción de peso mayor o igual a 2.500g en los prematuros, lo que no parece compatible con la distribución esperada para esta franja. La DUM favoreció la "corrección" de la prematuridad en relación con los parámetros comparables a los de estudios con datos primarios, a pesar de que las distorsiones encontradas entre edad gestacional y peso al nacer puedan indicar que todavía existen problemas con este estimador.

Asociación entre bajo peso al nacer y parto pretermino en gestantes con signos de enfermedad periodontal atendidas en una institución del nivel primario de salud del valle del cauca-colombia / Association between low birth weight and preterm delivery in pregnant women with signs of periodontal disease treated at a primary health institution in the valle del cauca-colombia

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El parto pretérmino (PPT) y el Bajo Peso al Nacer (BPN) y su consecuente morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal son problemas prevalentes de salud. Se ha planteado que las bacterias que participan en el desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal (EP) estimulan la liberación de prostaglandinas, que, a su vez, estimulan el trabajo de parto, sin embargo, esta relación no ha sido claramente demostrada. OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre BPN y PPT en gestantes con signos de EP en una Institución Pública de Salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles con relación 1:1. Los casos fueron gestantes con Recién Nacidos (RN) pretérmino (PT) <37 semanas y BPN <2.500 gr, los controles gestantes con parto a término y RN con peso >2.500 gr. Se excluyeron gestantes sin historia clínica odontológica o cuyos RN presentaron restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Para determinar la asociación se estimaron OR con su respectivos IC al 95%, siendo estadísticamente significativo cuando el valor de P de chi2 fue menor de 0.05. RESULTADOS: El PPT/BPN supone una posible asociación con el antecedente familiar de hipertensión o diabetes OR: 2,76 IC: (0,87 - 9,26); (p=0,051), y hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa con bajo peso materno (IMC<18.5) en el primer control prenatal OR: 2,85 IC: (0,96 - 8,66); (p=0,033), gingivitis OR: 4,03 IC: (1,04 - 18,83); (p=0,021), retracciones gingivales OR: 8,1 IC: (0,98 - 68) (p=0,027) y sangrado gingival OR 6,8 IC: (1,98 - 26,45); (p=0,000). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la enfermedad periodontal puede estar asociada al PPT/BPN.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Preterm birth (PB) and Low Birth Weight (LBW), and their consequent neonatal morbidity and mortality, are prevalent health problems. It has been suggested that bacteria responsible for the development of periodontal disease stimulate the release of prostaglandin, which in turn, stimulates labor. However, this relationship has not been clearly demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between low birth weight and premature delivery in pregnant women with signs of periodontal disease in the population of pregnant women in a public health institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control study with a 1: 1 ratio. For our subjects we included pregnant women who gave birth prematurely (PT) <37 weeks to babies with a LBW <2,500 gr and as controls, pregnant women who delivered at term with newborns weighing more than 2,500 gr. Pregnant women without a dental history were excluded as were those whose NB presented an intrauterine growth restriction. To determine the association, we used the OR with its respective 95% confidence interval, it was statistically significant when the p values of chi test was less than 0.05. RESULTS: PB / LBW indicates a possible association with the family history of hypertension or diabetes OR: 2.76 CI: (0.87 - 9.26); (p = 0.051), and there was a statistically significant association with low maternal weight (BMI <18.5) in the first prenatal control OR: 2.85 IC: (0.96 - 8.66); (p = 0.033), gingivitis OR: 4.03 IC: (1.04 - 18.83); (p = 0.021), gingival retractions OR: 8.1 IC: (0.98 - 68) (p = 0.027) and gingival bleeding OR 6.8 CI: (1.98-26.45); (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest an association between signs of periodontal disease and PB / LBW.

Risk assessment for preterm delivery using the fetal fibronectin test associated with the measurement of uterine cervix length in symptomatic pregnant women / Avaliação do risco para parto pré-termo utilizando o teste da fibronectina fetal, associado à medida de comprimento de colo uterino, em gestantes sintomáticas

Abstract Objective To analyze the use of the measurement of uterine cervix length (MUCL) and the fetal fibronectin (fFN) rapid test as predictors of preterm delivery (PTD) in symptomatic pregnant women assisted at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sobral Maternity Hospital. Methods This was a prospective and analytic study involving 53 parturients assisted between September of 2015 and July of 2016; the participants were between 24 and 34 weeks of gestational age (GA) and presented complaints related to preterm labor (PTL) prodromes. Vaginal secretion was collected for fFN testing, and the MUCL was obtained via transvaginal ultrasonography. Results A total of 58.49% of the subjects showed MUCL < 25 mm, and 41.51% were positive in the fFNrapid test.Atotal of 48 patients were followed-up until their delivery date, and 54.17% resulted in PTL. The relative risk (RR) for PTD in patients with MUCL < 25 mm was 1.83 (p = 0.09, 0.99-3.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]), with a mean time before delivery of 2.98 weeks. Based on fFN positive results, the RR was 3.50 (p = 0.002, 1.39- 8.79, 95%CI) and themean time until delivery was 1.94weeks. The RRwas 2.70 (p = 0.002, 1.08-6.72, 95%CI) when both tests were used. The RR of PTD within 48 hours, and 7 and 14 days were, respectively, 1.30 (p = 0.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.67), 1.43 (p = 0.12, 95% CI % 0.99-2.06), and 2.03 (p = 0.008, 95% CI 1.26-3.27), when based on the MUCL, and 1.75 (p = 0.0006, 95% CI 1.20-2.53), 2.88 (p = 0.0001, 95% CI, 1.57-5.31), and 3.57 (p = 0.0002, 95% CI 1.63-7.81) when based on positive fFN results. The RR at 48 hours and 7 and 14 days considering both tests was 1.74 (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 1.14-2.64), 2.22 (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 1.22-4.04), and 2.76 (p = 0.0002, 95% CI 1.27-5.96), respectively. Conclusion In symptomatic pregnant women, we concluded that the MUCL < 25 mm associated with positive fFN rapid test indicate increased the risk for PTD. Further studies with larger sample sizes could contribute in supporting the results presented in the current study.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a utilização da medida do comprimento do colo uterino (MCCU), e do teste da fibronectina fetal (FNf) como preditores do trabalho de parto pré-termo (PPT), em gestantes sintomáticas, atendidas na Maternidade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sobral. Métodos Foi realizado umestudo prospectivo e analítico, envolvendo 53 parturientes atendidas no período de setembro de 2015 a julho de 2016, com idade gestacional (IG) entre 24 e 34 semanas que tiveram queixas relacionadas a pródromos de trabalho de parto prematuro (TPP), sendo realizada coleta de secreção vaginal para FNf e MCCU por via ultrassonográfica transvaginal. Resultados Um total de 58,49% das pacientes tinham MCCU < 25 mm, e 41,51% tiveram teste rápido de fFN positivo. Foi feito o acompanhamento de 48 pacientes, com 54,17% de PPTs. O risco relativo (RR) para PPT com MCCU < 25 mm foi de 1,83 (p = 0,09, 0,99-3,36, intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%), com média de tempo até o parto de 2,98 semanas. Para fFN, o RR foi de 3.50 (p = 0.002, 1.39-8.79, IC 95%) e a média até o parto foi de 1,94 semanas. Quando os dois testes forampositivos, o RR foi de 2,70 (1,08-6,72). Para a MCCU, o RR para PPT em 48 horas, 7 e 14 dias foram 1,30 (p = 0.11, 95% IC 1.02-1.67), 1,43 (p = 0.12, 95% CI % 0.99-2.06) e 2,03 (p = 0.008, 95% IC 1.26-3.27), respectivamente. Para FNf, em 48 horas, 7 e 14 dias foi de 1,75 (p = 0.0006, 95% IC 1.20-2.53, 2,88 (p = 0.0001, 95% IC, 1.57-5.31) e 3,57 (p = 0.0002, 95% IC 1.63-7.81) respectivamente. Com os dois testes, o RR em 48 horas, 7 e 14 dias foi 1,74 (p = 0.0001, 95%IC 1.14-2.64), 2,22 (p = 0.0001, 95% IC 1.22-4.04) e 2,76 (p = 0.0002, 95% IC 1.27-5.96) respectivamente. Conclusão Em mulheres grávidas sintomáticas, concluímos que a MCCU < 25 mm e o teste rápido de FNf positivo indicam aumento do risco de PPT. Outros estudos com tamanhos de amostra maiores podem contribuir para apoiar os resultados apresentados no presente estudo.

História gestacional e características da assistência pré-natal de puérperas adolescentes e adultas em uma maternidade do interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Gestational history and prenatal care characteristics of adolescent and adult mothers in a maternity hospital in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a história gestacional e as características da assistência pré-natal de puérperas adolescentes e adultas em uma maternidade localizada em uma cidade de Minas Gerais, referência para a macrorregião de saúde do Jequitinhonha. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo. Entrevistou-se 327 puérperas, entre maio de 2013 a março de 2014, utilizando um instrumento semiestruturado. Predominou o número de puérperas adultas com uma amostra de 255. Com relação ao pré-natal, 324 puérperas realizaram as consultas. Quanto ao local de realização do pré-natal, 79,2% das adolescentes, realizaram no serviço público de saúde, enquanto entre as adultas essa porcentagem foi de 60,4%. Quanto ao tipo de parto, 54,7% das puérperas o tiveram normal e 45% cesárea. Entre as adolescentes, houve uma maior porcentagem de parto normal comparado às adultas, e esse dado teve relação estatisticamente significativa com a idade da puérpera. Com relação à idade gestacional no momento do parto, 85,9% tiveram seus partos a termo; 13,5% pré-termo e 0,6% pós-termo. Evidenciou-se que as puérperas adolescentes estiveram em desvantagem em relação às demais mães no que diz respeito tanto às características socioeconômicas quanto na assistência recebida no pré-natal.

Abstract The scope of this research was to analyze the gestational history and prenatal care characteristics of adolescent and adult mothers in a maternity hospital located in a city in Minas Gerais, which is a hospital of reference in the macro-region of health of Jequitinhonha. It involved a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 327 mothers were interviewed between May 2013 and March 2014 using a semi-structured questionnaire. With a sample of 255, the number of adult women was predominant. With respect to prenatal care, 324 pregnant women had medical appointments. In terms of the location for prenatal care, 79.2% of adolescents were attended in the public health service, while that percentage was 60.4% among adult women. Regarding the type of birth, 54.7% of mothers had normal delivery and 45% had cesarean section. Among adolescents, there was a higher percentage of normal delivery compared to adult women and this data had a statistically significant relationship with the age of the pregnant women. With respect to gestational age at birth, 85.9% had full-term deliveries, 13.5% had preterm delivery and 0.6% had post-term delivery. It was revealed that adolescent mothers were at a disadvantage compared to the other mothers in terms of both socioeconomic characteristics and prenatal care received.